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ACL Injury (Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
What is the ACL?
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the main ligaments in the knee joint. It helps stabilize the knee and prevents the tibia from moving forward relative to the femur.
The ACL plays a key role in knee stability during walking, running, jumping, and changing direction.
When the ACL is torn, the knee becomes unstable.
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Causes of ACL Injury
ACL injuries commonly occur during sports activities. Common causes include:
• Sudden change in direction
• Sudden stopping
• Improper landing from a jump
• Direct trauma to the knee
• Sudden twisting movement
• Weak thigh muscles
Common in sports such as football, basketball, and running.
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Risk Factors
Risk factors include:
• Weak quadriceps muscles
• Poor balance
• Lack of warm-up
• Poor movement mechanics
• High-intensity sports
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Symptoms
Symptoms include:
• Sudden knee pain
• Popping sound at the time of injury
• Knee swelling
• Knee instability
• Difficulty walking
• Feeling of knee giving way
• Limited range of motion
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis includes:
• Clinical examination
• Knee stability tests
• MRI – gold standard
• X-ray to rule out fractures
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Treatment
Treatment depends on injury severity and patient activity level.
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Physiotherapy Treatment
Physiotherapy helps:
• Reduce pain and swelling
• Restore range of motion
• Strengthen muscles
• Improve knee stability
• Restore normal function
Includes:
• Strengthening exercises
• Balance training
• Range of motion exercises
• Stability training
Role of Physiotherapy After Surgery
Physiotherapy is essential after surgery to:
• Restore movement
• Strengthen muscles
• Improve stability
• Return to normal activity
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Recovery Time
Recovery time varies, but typically:
• Initial recovery in weeks
• Full recovery in 6–9 months
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Prevention
Prevention includes:
• Strengthening thigh muscles
• Balance exercises
• Proper warm-up
• Proper movement techniques
